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The second is HTTP GET range requests, that let clients ask for just the portions of a file that they need. Together these enable fully online processing of data by COG-aware clients, as they can stream the right parts of the GeoTIFF as they need it, instead of having to download the whole file.

A COG is a regular GeoTIFF file with three features enabled:

1. Internal overviews added

2. Internal tiling is enabled and tile size is properly defined

3. Internal compression is enabled

COG is currently a OGC draft candidate (http://docs.ogc.org/DRAFTS/21-026.html).  

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From LP DAAC:

HLSL30.002 - https://doi.org/10.5067/HLS/HLSL30.002 (C2021957657-LPCLOUD)
HLSS30.002 - https://doi.org/10.5067/HLS/HLSS30.002 (C2021957295-LPCLOUD)

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