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The first is the ability of a GeoTIFF to not only store the raw pixels of the image, but to also organize those pixels in ways that are more efficient for cloud storage and retreivalretrieval. The second is HTTP GET range requests, that let clients ask for just the portions of a file that they need. Together these enable fully online processing of data by COG-aware clients, as they can stream the right parts of the GeoTIFF as they need it, instead of having to download the whole file.

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